1. Gabatarwa
Narkewar tagulla ta Pyrometallurgical ta kasance babbar hanyar samar da tagulla mai inganci, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 80% na ƙarfin duniya. Tsarin yana canza tagulla sulfide mai yawa (musamman chalcopyrite, CuFeS₂) zuwa tagulla mai tsarki mai yawan cathode (≥99.99% Cu) ta hanyar jerin ayyukan ƙarfe masu zafi. Wannan labarin ya yi cikakken bayani game da babban tsarin haɗaɗɗen tsari wanda ya ƙunshi narkewar walƙiya, juyawa, sake tace anode, da sake tace electrolytic.
2. Shiryawa da Haɗawa a Hankali
Tarin jan ƙarfe (25-35% Cu) yana zuwa ta cikin babban akwati kuma ana adana shi a cikin tarin da aka rufe. Yawan danshi yawanci yana tsakanin kashi 8-12% kuma dole ne a rage shi zuwa ≤0.3% ta amfani da murhun juyawa ko busar da kayan busarwa don hana fashewa da amfani da makamashi mai yawa a cikin narkewar ƙasa.
Ana haɗa busasshen mai danshi da fluxes (quartz, limestone), returns, da converter slag a cikin daidaitaccen rabon da aka sarrafa. Cibiyoyin zamani suna amfani da na'urorin ciyar da faifan diski ta atomatik da tsarin load-cell waɗanda ke samun daidaiton haɗuwa a cikin ±0.5%.
3. Narkewar walƙiya
Narkewar walƙiya ita ce fasaha mafi ci gaba don magance tarin jan ƙarfe sulfide, wanda aka wakilta a duniya ta hanyar wutar lantarki ta Outotec (yanzu Metso) da kuma tanderun iskar oxygen da China ta samar a ƙarƙashinta.
3.1 Ka'idar Tsarin Aiki
Ana saka busasshen sinadarin a cikin iska mai zafi da wadatar iskar oxygen (yawan iskar oxygen 75-90%) a 850-950°C. Abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan (busarwa, oxidation, slag da matte formation) suna kammalawa cikin daƙiƙa 3-5, tare da aikin dumamar yanayi mai dorewa ta atomatik. Manyan halayen sun haɗa da: 4CuFeS₂ + 9O₂ → 4CuS + 2Fe₂O₃ + 8SO₂ 2FeS + 3O₂ + 2SiO₂ → 2FeO·SiO₂ + 2SO₂
3.2 Kayan Aiki na Maɓalli
- Shaft ɗin amsawa: tsayin mita 11-14, diamita na mita 7-9, an yi masa layi da tubalin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi da kuma jaket ɗin ruwa na jan ƙarfe.
- Shaft mai daidaitawa da ɗaukar nauyi: rabuwar nauyi na matte (65-75% Cu) da slag.
- Boiler mai zafi: yana dawo da zafi mai ma'ana daga ~550°C ba tare da iskar gas ba don samar da tururi.
- Rabon iskar oxygen zuwa maida hankali: 1.15-1.25 Nm³ O₂/t busasshen mai
- Zafin shaft na amsawa: 1250-1300°C
- Zafin matte: 1180-1220°C
- Rabon Slag Fe/SiO₂: 1.1-1.4, jan ƙarfe a cikin slag ≤0.6%
3.3 Sigogi Masu Muhimmanci na Kulawa
Ƙarfin murhun lantarki mai walƙiya ɗaya ya kai tan 4000-5500 a kowace rana, tare da ingancin zafi >98% da kusan 100% SO₂.
4. Canzawa
Ana canja wurin matte ta hanyar wankin wanki ko leda mai zafi ta hanyar lantarki zuwa na'urorin canza wutar lantarki na Peirce-Smith ko kuma tanderun da ke ci gaba da canzawa.
4.1 Matakin Samar da Slag
Ana hura iska mai wadatar iskar oxygen (25-35% O₂) don ta yi oxidize a cikin ƙarfe sulfide. Ana cire slag ɗin da ke ɗauke da 2-8% Cu sannan a mayar da shi cikin walƙiya.
4.2 Matakin Yin Tagulla
Ci gaba da busawa yana lalata Cu₂S zuwa blister jan ƙarfe (98.5-99.3% Cu) a zafin 1180-1230°C.
5. Gyaran Wutar Lantarki ta Anode
Ana sanya jan ƙarfe a cikin tanderun anode mai ƙarfin tan 50-500 don tace iskar oxygen.
5.1 Matakin Iskar Oxidation
Mashin iska ko iskar oxygen suna cire ragowar Fe, Ni, As, Sb, da Bi a matsayin tarkacen da ke iyo.
5.2 Matakin Ragewa
Ana rage iskar oxygen ta amfani da iskar gas, dizal, ko sandunan katako zuwa 150-300 ppm. Ana jefa jan ƙarfe mai tsafta cikin anodes na kilogiram 300-450 (Cu ≥99.0%).
6. Tacewar Electrolytic
Ana sanya anodes a cikin ƙwayoyin electrolytic tare da gurɓataccen gubar ko titanium uwa a matsayin cathodes a cikin electrolyte CuSO₄-H₂SO₄.
6.1 Yanayin Aiki
- Yawan yanzu: 220-320 A/m²
- Ƙarfin tantanin halitta: 0.22-0.32 V
- Zafin jiki na Electrolyte: 60-65°C
- Ku: 40-55 g/L, H₂SO₄ kyauta: 150-220 g/L
6.2 Halayen Electrochemical
Narkewar anode: Cu → Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ Ƙarin abubuwa masu daraja (Au, Ag, Se, Te) suna ba da rahoto ga slime na anode; ƙananan abubuwa masu daraja suna shiga cikin maganin. Ma'aunin cathode yana samar da ≥99.993% Cu wanda ya cika ƙayyadaddun bayanai na LME Grade A.
7. Maganin Iskar Gas da Kula da Muhalli
Ana sanyaya iskar gas mai arzikin SO₂ daga tanderun walƙiya, masu canza wutar lantarki, da tanderun anode, sannan a sarrafa su a cikin masana'antun acid masu hulɗa biyu, inda za su sami damar dawo da sulfur sama da kashi 99.8%. Iskar gas ta wutsiya SO₂ ta yi ƙasa da 100 mg/Nm³. Ana cire Arsenic, mercury, da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi ta hanyar wasu hanyoyin na musamman.
8. Kammalawa
Tsarin pyrometallurgy na jan ƙarfe na zamani ya sami babban ci gaba, aiki da kai, da kuma aikin muhalli. Takardun na'urorin tacewa na walƙiya masu ci gaba da canza-anode masu tace-electrorefining suna samar da jimillar farfadowar jan ƙarfe >98.5% da takamaiman amfani da makamashi na 280-320 kgce/t cathode, wanda ke wakiltar ma'auni na duniya. Ci gaba da ake samu a fannin wadatar iskar oxygen, ci gaba da fasahar yin jan ƙarfe, da kuma sarrafa tsarin dijital zai ƙara haɓaka inganci da dorewa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Disamba-22-2025